Johnny Chang

Violence Is Learned as Protection, Not Fixed as Identity

Former gang member and California inmate Johnny Chang argues that violence was not an innate identity but a learned system for securing safety, status and belonging after childhood abuse and years in custody. In his account, prison reinforced that system through racial loyalties, coercion and distrust, while release left him unable to shed its habits. Chang says Christianity, reconciliation with his father and a practice of surrendering control gave him an alternative to the self-protective identity that had governed his life.